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1
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SWINDLE STATEMENT
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EXTRACTED KEY WORDS
MICROPROCESSOR COMPETITION COMMISSION MONOPOLY POWER REASON COMPLAINT MARKET INNOVATION MICROPROCESSOR TECHNOLOGY THREAT HARM SETTLEMENT GENERAL-PURPOSE FIRMS INTERGRAPH COMPAQ CUSTOMERS EVIDENCE CONSUMERS INDUSTRY PRETRIAL SETTLEMENT REDUCTION ENFORCEMENT DISPUTES LACK REASON CHARGES REGARD DISSENT MIND |
Statement of Commissioner Orson Swindle
in the Matter of Intel Corporation
Docket No. 9288
Shortly after the Commission accepted the consent agreement in this
matter, I released a statement outlining my concerns about the case
and asking for public comments addressing certain issues. My statement
invited views and information on three basic questions. Unfortunately,
the handful of public comments on the proposed settlement did not
address these queries in any meaningful way.
In a nutshell, my previous statement posed these questions:
(1) Notwithstanding its extremely large share of an alleged
market for general-purpose microprocessor sales, does Intel
genuinely possess monopoly power in that market?
(2) Even if one were to assume that Intel has the monopoly
power claimed by the complaint, does the information available
provide reason to believe that Intel's alleged abuse of that
power entrenched Intel's monopoly position in
current-generation microprocessors and diminished the
incentives of firms commercially dependent on Intel to develop
innovations relating to microprocessor technology? Is the
result of this likely to be a reduction in "competition to
develop new microprocessor technology and future generations of
microprocessor products"?
(3) Will the proposed order against Intel present the
Commission with significant noncompliance and enforcement
problems because the order's prohibitions turn on whether Intel
takes certain actions "for reasons related to" or "base(d) . .
. upon the existence of" an intellectual property dispute --
criteria that, as I pointed out, could "enmesh the Commission
in expensive, and perhaps intractable, enforcement
proceedings"?
I am unable to vote in favor of the consent order because I continue
to lack reason to believe that Intel's actions against Digital,
Intergraph, and Compaq would have adversely affected competition and
innovation in the ways charged in the complaint.
My concerns with regard to the first and third issues listed above
have diminished to some extent. As to the allegation of monopoly
power, some of the factors that once appeared to threaten Intel's
hegemony have ebbed in recent months, and there is less reason to
think that Intel's large market share overstates its power in
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2
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PITOFSKY STATEMENT
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EXTRACTED KEY WORDS
REASON COMPETITION SETTLEMENT HARM MATTER INTEL COMMISSIONER SWINDLE MERITS JUDGEMENT BASIS FUNDAMENTAL REASONS MAJORITY SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTION MAINTAINING MONOPOLY POWER BARRY WRIGHT ITT GRINNELL CIR BREYER QUOTING AREEDA TURNER ANTITRUST LAW COMMISSION LEADS DEPART REQUIRING PRETRIAL SETTLEMENT LEGAL BASIS PRACTICAL BASIS EVIDENCE |
Statement of Chairman Robert Pitofsky and
Commissioners Sheila F. Anthony and
Mozelle W. Thompson
in The Matter of Intel Corporation
Docket No. 9288
Today, the Commission accepts the proposed settlement in this matter
without modification. Our colleague, Commissioner Swindle, remains
unpersuaded "that the conduct at issue in this case demonstrably
threatened to harm the consuming public" because he "cannot accept
that it could appreciably affect - much less stem - the immense tide
of invention and improvement that continuously drives this industry."
We respectfully disagree with Commissioner Swindle for two simple yet
fundamental reasons.
First, we continue to have reason to believe that Intel, which the
majority has reason to believe is a monopolist, engaged in "conduct,
other than competition on the merits or restraints reasonably
'necessary' to competition on the merits, that reasonably appear(s)
capable of making a significant contribution to creating or
maintaining monopoly power." Barry Wright Corp. v. ITT Grinnell Corp.,
724 F.2d 227, 230 (1^st Cir. 1983) (Breyer, J.) (quoting III P. Areeda
& D. Turner, Antitrust Law ¶ 626 at 83 (1978)). Nothing in the public
comments submitted to the Commission leads us to depart from our
initial judgment.
Second, requiring "demonstrable" harm to competition after pretrial
settlement has no legal basis because it has no practical basis.
Settlement of the case necessarily prevents us from making any final
judgment about the actual evidence of harm to competition from Intel's
conduct.
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3
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DECISION & ORDER
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EXTRACTED KEY WORDS
COMMISSION CUSTOMER MICROPROCESSOR INTEL TRADE DISPUTE PURPOSE DESIGN AGREEMENT SECRET OFFICERS PARAGRAPH FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION COMPLAINT DIRECTORS THEREAFTER JURISDICTION CONSIDERATIONS BUSINESS ASSERT GENERAL PURPOSE DISCLOSURE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY PATENT RIGHTS REASONS MANNER COMPLIANCE SUCCESSORS |
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
BEFORE FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION
COMMISSIONERS:
Robert Pitofsky, Chairman
Sheila F. Anthony
Mozelle W. Thompson
Orson Swindle
DOCKET NO. 9288
DECISION AND ORDER
The Commission having heretofore issued its complaint charging the
respondent named in the caption hereof with violations of Section 5 of
the Federal Trade Commission Act, as amended, 15 U.S.C. § 45, and the
respondent having been served with a copy of that complaint, together
with a notice of contemplated relief; and
The respondent, its attorneys, and counsel for the Commission having
thereafter executed an agreement containing a consent Order, an
admission by respondent of all the jurisdictional facts set forth in
the complaint, a statement that the signing of said agreement is for
settlement purposes only and does not constitute an admission by
respondent that the law has been violated as alleged in such
complaint, or that the facts as alleged in such complaint, other than
jurisdictional facts, are true and waivers and other provisions as
required by the Commission's Rules; and
The Secretary of the Commission having thereafter withdrawn this
matter from adjudication in accordance with § 3.25(c) of its Rules;
and
The Commission having considered the matter and having thereupon
accepted the executed consent agreement and placed such agreement on
the public record for a period of sixty (60) days, and having duly
considered the comments filed thereafter by interested persons
pursuant to § 3.25(f) of its Rules, now in further conformity with the
procedure prescribed in § 3.25(f) of its Rules, the Commission hereby
makes the following jurisdictional findings and enters the following
Order:
1. Respondent Intel Corporation is a corporation organized, existing
and doing business under and by virtue of the laws of the State of
Delaware with its office and principal place of business located at
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4
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AGREEMENT CONTAINING CONSENT
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EXTRACTED KEY WORDS
COMMISSION CUSTOMER INTEL AGREEMENT MICROPROCESSOR FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION PARAGRAPH DISPUTE OFFICER COMPLAINT PURPOSE DESIGN MANNER PUBLICATION ACCEPTANCE RIGHTS REPORT PUBLIC RECORD COMPLIANCE BUSINESS FACTS PROCEEDING COMPLYING DIRECTORS ASSERT INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY PATENT TRADE SECRET REASONS |
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
BEFORE FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION
In the Matter of
INTEL CORPORATION, a corporation.
DOCKET NO. 9288
AGREEMENT CONTAINING CONSENT ORDER
The Agreement herein, by and between Intel Corporation, a corporation,
by its duly authorized officer, herein sometimes referred to as
respondent, and its attorney, and counsel for the Federal Trade
Commission, is entered into in accordance with the Commission's Rule
governing consent order procedures. In accordance therewith the
parties hereby agree that:
1. Respondent Intel Corporation is a corporation organized, existing
and doing business under and by virtue of the laws of the State of
Delaware with its office and principal place of business located at
Mission College Boulevard, Santa Clara, California 95052.
2. Respondent has been served with a copy of the complaint issued by
the Federal Trade Commission charging it with violation of section 5
of the Federal Trade Commission Act, 15 U.S.C. § 45, and has filed
answers to said complaint denying said charge.
3. Respondent admits all the jurisdictional facts set forth in
Paragraphs 1 and 3 of the Commission's complaint in this proceeding.
4. Respondent waives:
a. any further procedural steps;
b. the requirement that the Commission's Decision contain a
statement of findings of fact and conclusions of law;
c. all rights to seek judicial review or otherwise to challenge
or contest the validity of the order entered pursuant to this
Agreement; and
d. any claim under the Equal Access to Justice Act.
5. Respondent shall submit, within thirty (30) days of the date this
agreement is signed by Respondent, an initial report, pursuant to
§ 2.33 of the Commission's Rules, signed by the Respondent, setting
forth in detail the manner in which the Respondent will comply with
the Order when and if entered. Such report will not become part of the
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5
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ANALYSIS
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EXTRACTED KEY WORDS
CUSTOMER MICROPROCESSORS PROPOSED ORDER OEM COMPLAINT TECHNICAL INFORMATION COMPETITION DESIGN COMPUTER SYSTEMS INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ALLEGES PARAGRAPH INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY DISPUTE AGREEMENT RIGHTS REASONS COMMISSION TECHNOLOGY MARKET DOMINANCE PURPOSE PATENT SUPPLYING PROVISIONS WITHHOLD LICENSING SELL INNOVATION BUSINESS |
Analysis of Proposed
Consent Order to Aid Public Comment
_________________________________________________________________
The Federal Trade Commission has accepted for public comment an
Agreement Containing Consent Order with Intel Corporation ("Intel") to
resolve the matters charged in an administrative Complaint issued by
the Commission on June 8, 1998. The Agreement has been placed on the
public record for sixty (60) days for receipt of comments from
interested members of the public. The Agreement is for settlement
purposes only and does not constitute an admission by Intel that the
law has been violated as alleged in the Complaint or that the facts
alleged in the Complaint, other than jurisdictional facts, are true.
I. The Complaint
The Complaint alleges that Intel has monopoly power in the worldwide
market for general purpose microprocessors. According to the
Complaint, Intel's market dominance is reflected in a market share
approximating 80 percent of dollar sales, together with high entry
barriers including large sunk costs of design and manufacture,
substantial economies of scale, customers' investments in existing
software, the need to attract support from software developers, and
reputational barriers.
The Complaint alleges that Intel sought to maintain its dominance by,
among other things, denying advance technical information and product
samples of microprocessors to Intel customers ("original equipment
manufacturers" or "OEMs") and threatening to withhold product from
those OEMs as a means of coercing those customers into licensing their
patented innovations to Intel.
A microprocessor is an integrated circuit that serves as the central
processing unit (or CPU) of computer systems. Microprocessors are
sometimes described as the "brains" of computers because they perform
the major data processing functions essential to computer systems.
Advance technical information about new microprocessor products is
essential to Intel's OEM customers, who design, develop, manufacture,
and sell computer system products such as servers, workstations, and
desktop and mobile personal computers. Computer design and development
require the effective integration of multiple complex microelectronics
components (including microprocessors, memory components, core logic
chips, graphics controllers, and various input and output devices)
into a coherent system. To achieve such system integration, a computer
OEM requires product specifications and other technical information
about each component, such as the electrical, mechanical, and thermal
characteristics of the microprocessor. OEMs also need advance product
samples, errata, and related technical assistance in order to perform
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6
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COMPLAINT
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EXTRACTED KEY WORDS
MICROPROCESSORS FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION RESPONDENT COMPLAINT COMPUTER SYSTEMS BUSINESS PROVISION LAW TRADE COMMISSION ACT MICROPROCESSOR TECHNOLOGY TECHNICAL INFORMATION INTERGRAPH CUSTOMERS PROCEEDING MARKET COMPUTER MANUFACTURERS WORKSTATIONS UNITED STATES ALPHA MICROPROCESSORS MICROPROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE SIGNIFICANT ADVERSE EFFECT PARAGRAPHS TIMELY MANNER INCORPORATE PATENT RIGHTS PROTOTYPES PROCOMPETITIVE PURPOSE ORSON SWINDLE RESPECT THEREOF |
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
BEFORE FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION
COMMISSIONERS:
Robert Pitofsky, Chairman
Sheila F. Anthony
Mozelle W. Thompson
Orson Swindle
In the Matter of
INTEL CORPORATION, a corporation.
DOCKET NO. 9288
COMPLAINT
Pursuant to the provisions of the Federal Trade Commission Act, and by
virtue of the authority vested in it by said Act, the Federal Trade
Commission, having reason to believe that Intel Corporation ("Intel")
has engaged in a pattern of conduct, as described herein, that
violates Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act, as amended, 15
U.S.C. § 45, and it appearing to the Commission that a proceeding in
respect thereof would be in the public interest, hereby issues its
complaint, stating its charges as follows:
A. The Respondent
1. Intel Corporation ("Intel") is a corporation organized, existing,
and doing business under and by virtue of the laws of the State of
Delaware, with its office and principal place of business located at
2200 Mission College Boulevard, Santa Clara, California 95052. For the
fiscal year ended December 31, 1997, Intel reported revenues of
approximately $25 billion and profits of approximately $6.9 billion.
2. Intel designs, develops, manufactures, markets, and sells a variety
of semiconductor products, including microprocessor devices. A
microprocessor is the central processing unit of a computer system.
Often described as the "brains" of a computer system, the
microprocessor serves the essential functions of processing system
data and controlling other devices integral to the system. Intel's
microprocessor products include a family of devices that are marketed
and sold under the trade names Pentium, Pentium with MMX, Pentium Pro,
and Pentium II (the "Pentium microprocessors").
3. At all times relevant herein, Intel has been, and is now, a
corporation as "corporation" is defined in Section 4 of the Federal
Trade Commission Act, 15 U.S.C. § 44; and at all times relevant
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